A Green Card Holder is someone who has been granted permanent residence in the United States through a green card. Green Cards are granted through the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and enables holders to live and work in the U.S. permanently.
There are several ways that you can become a Green Card Holder. You may be eligible to apply for a green card through a family member, an employer, or through refugee or asylee status. If you are not eligible through these options, there may be other ways to become eligible to file for permanent residence.
Eligibility
In general, to become a permanent resident though your qualified family member, employment, or asylum status, you must first:
- Be eligible for one of the immigrant categories established in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
- Have a qualifying immigrant petition filed and approved for you (with a few exceptions)
- Have an immigrant visa immediately available
- Be admissible to the United States
Eligibility for an Immigrant Category
Individuals who want to become permanent residents through their qualified family member, employment, or a special category will generally be classified in categories based on a preference system. Although Congress has a set number of visas that can be used each year for each category of immigrants, those who are immediate relatives of a U.S. citizen are given the highest priority.
Family Based
Immediate Relatives of U.S. citizens do not have to wait for a visa to become available in order to file for permanent residency. There is no limit to the number of visas that can be utilized in this category in a particular year. Immediate relatives include:
- Parents of a U.S. citizen
- Spouses of a U.S. citizen
- Unmarried children under the age of 21 of a U.S. citizen
Note: U.S. citizens must be at least 21 years old to apply for their parents.
The qualified relatives of a U.S. citizen or permanent resident in the remaining family-based categories may have to wait for a visa to become available before they can apply for permanent residency. These categories include:
- First Preference:Unmarried, adult (21 years of age or older) sons and daughters of U.S. citizens
- Second Preference A:Spouses of permanent residents and the unmarried children (under the age of 21) of permanent residents
- Second Preference B:Unmarried sons and daughters (21 years or age or older) of permanent residents
- Third Preference:Married sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, their spouses and their minor children
- Fourth Preference:Brothers and sisters of adult U.S. citizens, their spouses and their minor children
Job or Employment Based
People who want to become immigrants based on employment or a job offer may apply for permanent residence or an immigrant visa abroad, when an immigrant visa number becomes available according to the following employment based preferences:
- First Preference:Priority Workers, including aliens with extraordinary abilities, outstanding professors and researchers, and certain multinational executives and managers
- Second Preference:Members of professions holding an advanced degree or persons of exceptional ability (including individuals seeking a National Interest Waiver)
- Third Preference:Skilled Workers, professionals and other qualified workers
- Fourth Preference:Certain special immigrants including those in religious vocations
- Fifth Preference:Employment creation immigrants (investors or entrepreneurs)
Refugee or Asylum Status Based
If you were admitted to the United States as a refugee or the qualifying spouse or child of a refugee, you are required to apply for permanent residence 1 year after your entry into the United States in this status. If you were granted asylum in the United States or are a qualifying spouse or child of an asylee, you may apply for permanent residence 1 year after the grant of your asylum status.
Note: If you are a refugee, you are required by law to apply for a green card 1 year after being admitted to the United States in refugee status. If you are an asylee or asylee derivative spouse or child, you are not required to apply for a green card 1 year after being granted asylum or 1 year after being admitted to the United States in asylum status.
Other Ways
Although most immigrants come to live permanently in the United States through a family member's sponsorship or employment, there are many other ways to get a green card.
A number of special immigrant programs are limited to individuals meeting particular qualifications and/or applying during certain time frames.
Immigrant Petition
Immigrants in most categories will need an immigrant petition filed on their behalf. A petition establishes the underlying basis for your ability to immigrate and determines your immigrant classification or category. Some categories of immigrants may be able to self-petition. Most people immigrating based on humanitarian programs are exempt from the petition requirement. The various petitions include:
- Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative
- Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker
- Form I-360, Petition for Amerasian, Widow(er), or Special Immigrant, or another petition
Some immigrant petitions can be filed at the same time as the adjustment application (Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status), known as “concurrent filing” while other categories of immigrants will be required to wait until they have an approved petition before being allowed to apply for adjustment of status or an immigrant visa.
Visa Availability
A visa is always available for immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. If you are in a family or employment based preference category, visa availability is determined by:
- Your priority date
- The preference category you are immigrating under
- The country the visa will be charged to (usually your country of citizenship)
The Department of State is the government agency that controls visa numbers. The annual limits for visa numbers are established by Congress and can be referenced in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
First, a priority date will be assigned to you based on the date your immigrant petition is properly filed with the USCIS or, in certain employment-based cases, the date the application for a labor certification was accepted by the Department of Labor. Your priority date holds your place in line for an immigrant visa.
This date, along with your country of nationality and preference category, determines if or how long a person will have to wait for a visa to be immediately available. When USCIS officials are ready to approve an applicant for permanent residency in a visa category that has limited numbers, you must first request a visa number from the Department of State.
When a visa is available, you may file Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (if you are in the United States) or apply for an immigrant visa abroad (consular processing). If you are consular processing, USCIS will forward your approved petition to the Department of State's National Visa Center who will contact you when your priority date is about to become current as to what your next steps are and when you may apply for an immigrant visa abroad.
Admissibility to the United States
All persons applying for an immigrant visa or adjustment of status must prove to the satisfaction of immigration or consular officials that they are eligible for admission into the United States.
There are many grounds of inadmissibility that could potentially cause someone to be ineligible to become a permanent resident. For instance, there are health-related, criminal, security-related, and other grounds USCIS must consider when determining admissibility.
In some cases and in certain situations, if you are found inadmissible to the United States you may be eligible to file a waiver on Form I-601, Application for Waiver of Ground of Inadmissibility, (the form required for most immigrants) or I-602, Application By Refugee For Waiver of Grounds of Excludability (the form required for refugees and asylees) to excuse your inadmissibility.
The grounds of inadmissibility are determined by the particular category under which you are immigrating. If you are ultimately found inadmissible to the United States, your adjustment of status application (Form I-485) or immigrant visa application will be denied. Congress has set the grounds of inadmissibility and they may be referenced in Section 212 of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
After all paperwork has been received, interviews conducted (if necessary), security checks completed, and other eligibility requirements reviewed, your case will be ready for a decision by USCIS.